Imagine a child of one and half years of age playing with his toys, this child would not interact with other children except may be scream if one of the child takes his toy. At this age the child does not have the capacity to take into consideration others point of view, but as he grows up to be six or seven, he will engage in group play and understand different peoples perspective and progressively as he enters into his teens he would feel the need to develop positive human relation-ships (Hetherington et al, 2006). The intriguing question is what accounts for this progressive and steady evolution of the childs ability to perceive and describe complex relationships and learn new things efficiently? The quest for its answer and research into the area has lead to the inception of the field of developmental psychology (Papers4you.com, 2006).

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of progressive psychological changes that transpire in human beings as they age (Margaret & Butterworth, 2002). Child development is its rapidly emerging sub-field of study, which seeks to account for the gradual evolution of the Childss cognitive, social and other capacities, first by describing changes in the childs observed behaviours and then by uncovering the process and strategies that underlie these changes (Hetherington et al, 2006, p4). Although field has seen rapid developments recently, its relatively young with the first theories coming up just a century ago.

Proposing one of the first theories on the childrens emotional development was none other than the legendary Charles Darwin, who based most of his work on his sons earliest emotional expressions. Alfred Binet was another individual who pioneered in the filed by studying childrens learning and methods of assessing intelligence (Hetherington et al, 2006). Moreover, the field of cognition i.e. the way the human mind acquires, remembers and learns to use knowledge forms an integral part of the field and has a wide range of implications. From devising teaching methods in schools to big organisations employing it to create a learning environment for its employees the field has had a far reaching effect.

The nature of the subject is such that it has seen a flurry of theories, one contradicting the other, especially in the area of Cognitive development (Papers4you.com, 2006). There have been several different approaches to cognitive development like Jean Piagets theory, which emphasizes developmental changes in the organisation or structure of childrens thinking process or the Lev Vygotskys socio-cultural theory of cognitive development, which attributes the advancement in the childs thinking and learning to his/her interaction with the social world (Hetherington et al, 2006).

The field has limitless implications especially in improving childrens functioning and opportunities for development in important areas of their lives, especially in relationships with their family, friends, peers and personal development. There is no doubt that child psychology is a field on the move.

References

Hetherington, E. et al. (2006). Child Psychology: A contemporary viewpoint. 6th ed. McGraw-Hill, London.

Margaret, H & Butterworth, G. (2002). Developmental Psychology: Students handbook. Psychology Press, Hove.

Papers For You (2006) “P/PS/67. Disclosure of sexual abuse in children”, Available from http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/sprtpsy5.htm [20/06/2006]

Papers For You (2006) “S/PS/50. This essay critically discusses the assertion that the principles of transactional models of development help us to understand the causes of disturbing behaviour in young children”, Available from http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/sprtpsy5.htm [19/06/2006]

Copyright 2006 Verena Veneeva. Professional Writer working for http://www.coursework4you.co.uk

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Many believe the cosmos is infinite. Indeed this is certainly a possibility as we look out into space and realize how insignificant we really are. Recently in an online think tank forum a member pitched the thought, which is somewhat a reflection of Carl Sagans ideas, that indeed the cosmos is infinite. He further went on to say that the human mind could not understand this for it was finite.

The cosmos and its potential to be infinite is a plausible theory, I do not deny it. To say the human mind cannot comprehend it is to limit ones self. I certainly do not pretend to be all knowing by any means, but one should not be so short sided that they could not understand it, if it were explained to them correctly. I therefore completely disagree, but that is a debate for another time and place of course.

But is the human mind really finite? How could one judge that? How would one know and what is the definition of finite in the context of a human mind? Who is to say that the human mind is finite? Isnt someone who believes such, making it finite by limiting their thoughts? Then indeed they would be correct, simply because they believed it to be so. Do you believe the Cosmos is infinite? Do you believe the human mind is finite? What are your thoughts on this? Think on this in 2006.

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Many people fly easily for years before developing an aversion to flight, or outright fear of flying. Actually its a wonder more people dont become fearful flyers sooner, given all those doomsday messages upon arrival at the airport:

You check in at your Terminal; go through Passport Control; carry on to your Departure Gate; listen for your Last and Final Call before Take-off to your Final Destination.

And once the fear settles in, even the thought of getting on a plane can be terrifying. For more and more people, preparing for a flight or boarding an aircraft is coupled with a range of mild to intense fear reactions. Indeed a 2000 study found one in three air travelers experience some kind of fearful response to the air travel process. The message is clear: you are not alone.

Many fearful flyers can vividly recall the prolonged turbulence often associated with their first attack of panic, with its rush of physical symptoms, confusion and an intense desire to flee. This fear or panic attack is often so unexpected and misunderstood that some people become terrified that they are having a heart attack or going crazy. They can develop a great deal of anxiety and shame about feeling so out of control of their emotions and thoughts.

Panic is named after the Greek god Pan, who was portrayed as half-goat, half-man, and had an annoying habit of hiding in the bushes and leaping out with a bloodcurdling scream at unsuspecting folks out on a country stroll, scaring them half out of their wits. This is akin to the experience of having a panic attack, which involves a sudden release of adrenaline into the body that creates the physical symptoms of rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath and muscular tension, wrapped up in a feeling complex of intense fear, confusion and an incredibly strong desire to scream or escape. Some flyers fear impending death.

Since this kind of experience, especially coming out of the blue can be so traumatic, its memory can be easily recalled. For some people, simply considering a flight can produce anxious, fearful thoughts. And the more time spent anticipating the flight and each worst case scenario in precise detail, the more apprehensive you may become. This is known as anticipatory anxiety and can actually trigger further fear attacks.

I know flying is safer than driving, but… Anxiety does not respond well to thought and logic because fear doesnt stem from the brain alone. Fear really is complicated. It can develop instantly or gradually, in the face of both real and assumed threats to your safety. Such threats ignite an automatic mechanism in the nervous system to protect us from potential harm. Called the flight or flight response, this inbuilt alarm switch in the brain mobilizes us for emergencies by firing off massive amounts of adrenaline to the heart, lungs and muscles, helping us to respond quickly. If a bear sneaks up behind you and taps you on the shoulder, youll be very glad you have this ability; but if the alarm goes off, seemingly out of the blue, when you are simply booking a flight, or packing, you can form some pretty frightening and false ideas about what is happening to you.

People who fear flying tend to be highly intelligent and extremely imaginative. They can easily conjure up escalating images of disaster and a never-ending flight from hell at the very thought of their departure date. Their bodies react to these dreaded images by getting ready for immediate, defensive action, setting off their alarm system replete with pounding heart, sweaty palms and that weak in the knees feeling.

Actually, your over-imaginative mind is the real problem. By creating escalating images of disaster, your mind simultaneously sends your body the message The danger is NOW, protect me! And it does, by gearing you up for fight or flight action. These are normal, healthy, lifesaving changes in your bodys physiology.

When there is an actual emergency, we hardly notice these changes, because were too busy attending to the emergency at hand. But as there is no true danger, this protective response has been set off inappropriately by your unconscious mind.

A dramatic OOPS. Rather than fear your fear reactions, you can work to dilute them.

Here are some suggestions for Plane Comfort to help you break the automatic connection between fearful thoughts about flying and symptoms of physical fear in response to those thoughts:

*Recognize your tendency to believe that those harmless body symptoms are signs of imminent danger. They are not.
*Adopt an attitude of benevolent acceptance of fear-related symptoms and beliefs. This goes a long way towards calming both mind and body.
*Accept what your body is doing and flow with its rising and falling state of arousal.
What you resist persists.
*Allow time to pass. The adrenaline causing your fear will metabolize and be reabsorbed into your body in about 5-10 minutes. Fear attacks are time limited. Like a wave, it will peak and begin to subside in only a few minutes.
*Get out of your head and into your body. Concentrate on breathing slowly and evenly, exhaling longer than you breath in. Relaxation only occurs on the exhalation.
*Write down alternative explanations and coping statements for symptoms of fear.
*Learn to calm your body through deep breathing and self-hypnosis.

With these steps you may be able to shift your attention to common concerns about travel delays, lost luggage, and the one universal travelers dread: fear of economy.

Long established in Hong Kong, Dr. Melanie Bryan of http://www.MindMatters.hk,
specializes in short-term therapy & hypnosis with long-term results.
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A study by Stickle and Blechman (Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2002) found that fire setting was associated with early onset severe and varied antisocial behaviors among juveniles. A new study by Seifert examined the characteristics of a group of 153 fire setters. Fire setters were defined as youth who set fires that are not of a utilitarian nature and may have a risk of harm to others.

There appear to be two groups of fire setters: aggressive and non-aggressive. Aggressive youth are those who have hit, pushed or shoved another person that is not in self defense and causes some level of distress to the victim. Non-aggressive fire setters do not have a history of hitting others. The non-aggressive group appear to have more psychiatric problems, while the aggressive group are similar to the severe behavior problem group with multiple problems and childhood trauma. The aggressive fire setters ranged in age from 6 to 19 (average age was 14), while the non-aggressive fire setters ranged in age from 8 to 16 (average age was 13).

Among the aggressive fire setters, all had a history of moderate to severe behavior problems and assaultive behaviors, 97% had behavior problems that began before the age of 13, 87% had one or more parents not involved in the childs life, 86% had poor social skills, 83% had a history of family violence, 82% had a history of childhood trauma, and 76% were delinquent. For the non-aggressive fore setter group 94% had a history of moderate to severe behavior problems, 89% had poor social skills, 89% had anger management problems, 83% were impulsive, 74% had moderate to severe behavior problems before the age of 13, 72% had average or better IQ, and 72% had psychosis or self harm.

Looking at the characteristics of these two groups, it becomes clear that the intervention strategies may be different for youth in aggressive vs non-aggressive patterns. The aggressive group has more trauma and histories of family violence. Therefore therapy would need to address any ongoing home violence or trauma and use techniques to help the youth heal from past trauma, including domestic violence. Both groups have some social skill deficits and cognitive behavioral treatment for skill building would be appropriate. The non-aggressive fire setter may have more psychiatric problems and will need a psychiatric evaluation, especially for psychosis, self harm and impulsivity. The majority of both groups had average or better intellectual functioning, but examination of how they are doing in school is always appropriate.

In conclusion, as in most groups of behaviorally disordered youth, comorbidity, family, and trauma issues need to be examined in order to provide the most effective therapy. An effective assessment on the front end can save time and trouble later on. Early intervention (before the age of 12) is of primary importance.

Dr. Kathryn Seifert is a psychotherapist with over 30 years experience in mental health, addictions, and criminal justice work. Dr. Seifert has authored the CARE, guided imagery CDs and journals, and numerous articles. She speaks nationally on health related topics and youth violence. She is an expert witness in the areas of youth and adult violence and sexual offending. Her latest book is coming soon: Fallen Angels. For more information go to http://www.drkathyseifert.com

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Determination of future risk of violence is an important forensic task. It can contribute to decisions about the appropriate level of care or structure. Research has demonstrated repeatedly that clinical judgment about the risk of future violence is little better than chance. Tools to determine this risk affect a youths life significantly and should be reliable and valid. Tools developed to date to determine youth risk of future violence, delinquency, and behavior problems include the SAVRY, PCL-YV, YLS-CMI, and the CARE.

The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) (Borum, Bartel, & Forth, 2002) is composed of 24 risk items (Historical, Social/ Contextual, and Individual) drawn from existing literature on adolescent development and on aggression in youth. An additional six Protective Factors are also provided. It was once thought that dangerousness was static and not subject to change, however more recently it is viewed as more contextual or dependent on situations. Additionally, the developers of the SAVRY have included dynamic risk factors because personality and behavior traits are not stable in adolescence. The theory underlying these assessments has shifted from a violence prediction model to a more clinical model of risk assessment and behavior management. The task is to determine the nature and degree of risk an individual may pose for certain kinds of behaviors, and under what conditions and contexts.

The SAVRY is for youth ages 12 to 18. It is professionally scored. The sample size is small. Studies have found correlations with past violence to be moderate to good (r = .32 to .56), explaining 18 to 20% of the variance, with an error rate of 21%. Reliability is good. It does not recommend level or types of services.

The Hare Psychopathy Check List: Youth Version (PCL: YV) (Forth, Kosson, & Hare, 2003) is a 20-item rating scale for the assessment of psychopathic traits in male and female offenders aged 12 to 18 years of age. While Drs. Forth, et al, believe that identifying youth with psychopathic traits is critical to understanding the factors that contribute to the development of adult psychopathy, the application of the concept of psychopathy to youth is very controversial. The youth PCL was adapted from the Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R), one of the most widely used measures of psychopathy in adults. Using a semi-structured interview and collateral information, the PCL: YV measures interpersonal, affective, and behavioral features related to the concept of psychopathy.

The PCL-YV is for youth ages 12 to 18. It is professionally scored. Studies have found correlations with past violence to be poor to good (r = .10 to .48), with an error rate of 21 to 37%. Reliability is excellent. It does not recommend level or types of services.

The CARE (Child and Adolescent Risk Evaluation, (Seifert, 2003) assesses the risk for violence and evaluates all possible problem areas, including past behavior, community, family, peer, job/school, neurological, and mental health. The first tool to be developed by Seifert (2003) was the CARE (Seifert, 2003). It is an easy to use tool for assessing the risk of youth violence and creating a multifaceted case management plan. More than 1000 youth with ethnically diverse backgrounds were in the first CARE sample. The ages ranged from 2 through 19 years, over half had a history of assaults. Significantly higher CARE scores were seen in those with assaultive histories and these youth were more likely to commit an assault within the next six months.

While it is true, as is suggested by Dr. Borum and others, that environmental stressors can predict the immediacy of a violent act, it is the development of interpersonal skills, personality, morality, and problem solving ability that can create the potential for violence to occur in the face of an environmental stressor. The CARE is based on developmental theory and suggests what areas of development may be delayed and in need of intervention.

The CARE assesses both risk and protective factors. As with the more commonly known adult actuarial risk tools, the CARE is based on the idea that the more risk factors that an offender has, the greater his risk for recidivism. No one factor predicts youth violence. Each additional factor increases the risk that a youth will be violent. The CARE is the only youth violence risk tools with a case management tool to determine the intensity and type of services needed.
The total CARE score appears to be significantly associated with a history of assaults (r = 62. p=.00) and assaults committed after the administration of the instrument (r = .62, p=.00). Split half reliability is .85 and Test-retest reliability is .75. The error rate is 13%. It recommends level and types of services needed.

There are 4 CARE Subscales. (Seifert, 2006) that are intended to be used with the original CARE (see above). These are: Chronic Violence, Attachment Problems, Psychiatric Problems and Sexual Behavior Problems. All use items from the CARE that are most highly correlated with the construct. The sample is 912 and is the same as the original CARE. It can asses the risk of future violence and sexual offending. While there is controversy about labeling children, this is seen as a prevention tool to ensure that children get the services they need as early as possible so they do not penetrate the juvenile justice system as deeply.

Traditional tests, such as the MMPI-A and the MACI, were not created nor have they been evaluated in terms of their association with risk of violence. Additionally, popular tools, such as the CAFAS (Hodges, 1990, 1994, 2003), CALOCUS (American Association of Community Psychiatrists, 1999) and MAYSI (Grisso, Barnum, Fletcher, Cauffman, & Peuschold, 2001) do not assess risk for violence.
The completion of the risk assessment tool first requires that the clinician gather a complete psychosocial history, based on record review, direct interviews with the child or adolescent, and interviews with collateral informants such as parents, teachers, therapists, social service agency workers, etc. (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Rich, 2003). Each risk tool has characteristics that are unique to that tool. By comparing tools, a practitioner can determine which tool(s) are best suited to their needs and their population(s). The tools listed here are not exhaustive, but includes the tools most commonly used by practitioners.

The SAVRY and the EARL-20 are empirically-based, structured tools for guided clinical assessment. That is, the factors included in the tools are based on pertinent literature in the field, including published studies, and the instruments provide defined factors to be addressed and a specific structure to be followed by the clinician completing the evaluation (Rich, 2003). The PCL and the YLSI have empirically based scoring systems and cut off scores. The DVI is self-report and includes suggestions for treatment as does the YLS/CMI.

There is professional debate about the use of actuarial tools and risk assessment with juveniles. The argument against guided clinical judgment is the research demonstrating that for adults, clinical judgment of future risk of violence is no better than chance (Rice, Harris, Quinsey, 2002l). The argument against risk tools that go beyond a guided clinical assessment and use scoring systems and cut off scores similar to the adult risk tools are fears of labeling that does not change over time and the inability of existing tools to take into account the plasticity of youth development. This paper proposes that violence is an interpersonal behavior that has a developmental trajectory, influenced by environment, caregiver bonding, neurological development, and child characteristics, such as temperament, genetics, and intelligence. A risk tool that measures dynamic factors that change over time, as well as historical factors could capture a measure of risk at a particular point in time. The measure should present treatment options, rather than just measuring risk. The CARE is such a tool.

Dr. Kathryn Seifert is a psychotherapist with over 30 years experience in mental health, addictions, and criminal justice work. Dr. Seifert has authored the CARE and numerous articles. She speaks nationally on mental health related topics and youth violence. She is an expert witness in the areas of youth and adult violence and sexual offending. Her latest book is coming soon: How Children Become Violent. For more information go to http://www.drkathyseifert.com

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The classic question, and one that should be answered directly. Here is the answer: Because nothing is reality, and all this is existence. So its not an either or situation, both are true simultaneously.

Reality doesnt exist. If it did, it would be part of all this. All this, in contrast to Reality, changes constantly; there is nothing within existence that doesnt change. Change creates time, and without change, time doesnt exist. Existence therefore, is never Reality, and Reality doesnt exist, even though these two truths cohabitate. Its very simple.

The part of us that we cling to, our ego, is caught within existence. Because our ego is caught within existence, it changes constantly. The part of us that is not caught within existence; Reality, never changes. It is unborn, undying, uncreated - eternal.

What could this unborn, undying, uncreated thing be if its not our ego? It couldnt be our bodies, because our bodies are within existence and obviously change second to second. So what part of us is eternal and outside of time? It would have to be something familiar, because we must be responsible for this thing, whatever it is. It cant be something laid upon us by some God so there must be a connection between us and it.

This indicates that our destinies are in our hands and not in the hands of a higher power. We actually have free will which can apparently affect Reality, which is beyond time. This free will is a very powerful force, and one that is misunderstood by logical thought. But consider the consequences of the powerful force of free will when it adversely affects Reality.

Since Reality is pliable and conforms to the wishes of existence-prone entities driven by the desires of their free will, Reality will passively provide another existence if that free will cannot see past existence, or the framework of an existence in flux. If that free will, caught up in existence, cannot see the transience of existence, the angst of existence, and the false construction of an ego in existence, then Reality will gracefully provide another organic being for the tendencies of the old ego to morph into. Endlessly.

Then we will enjoy all this again and again. Never can we enjoy nothing. And the tragedy is: this very thing, this nothing, is the constancy that we have always hoped for. But how do we get to it?

Hmmm . . .

E. Raymond Rock of Fort Myers, Florida is cofounder and principal teacher at the Southwest Florida Insight Center, http://www.SouthwestFloridaInsightCenter.com His twenty-eight years of meditation experience has taken him across four continents, including two stopovers in Thailand where he practiced in the remote northeast forests as an ordained Theravada Buddhist monk. His book, A Year to Enlightenment (Career Press/New Page Books) is now available at major bookstores and online retailers. Visit http://www.AYearToEnlightenment.com

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If someone comes from a background of Royal Bloodlines, Dynasty or some sort of Pedigree can that help them define who they are? Well it certainly could help them define or perceive who they think they are. For instance if you are a Prince of some kind then perhaps it does define who you are to a large extent, but does it necessarily have to?

This subject recently came up in an online think tank due to a discussion on Royal Lineage. When one member asked me, since I like about a million other Americans and some 6 million residents of the UK have Royal Lines in their genealogy and ancestry. Here is the question; Lance, if I may, I have a question for you.. now with all of that said do you believe that having such a pedigree can it define who you are??

Not completely yet it makes a difference, genetics always do? But also nurture, experience, upbringing, good family parenting, observations and of course the greatest of all the human spirit, human intent and human will. A pedigree could be good or bad, if inbreeding occurs of course. We become what we believe we are or perceive ourselves to be. You become what you think about you see.

This seems to be relevant in the study of psychology of course and is used by athletes to compete, salesmen to sell and many psycho-cybernetic experts believe there is a lot to this. In fact even if you believe it made a difference, it automatically does, whether or not it actually physically did you see? Interesting subject indeed and therefore if a Prince believe he is a prince, he automatically becomes one with that title. Consider all this 2006.

“Lance Winslow” - Online Think Tank forum board. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; http://www.WorldThinkTank.net/. Lance is a guest writer for Our Spokane Magazine in Spokane, Washington

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Dreams play a major role in our life and it is therefore not surprising that dreams can affect mood. Fortunately, dreaming can actually improve your mood. Also, the mood you are in when you go to sleep can affect the dreams you have.

Dreams affect mood

You have many dreams during the night but generally it is the last dream that you remember when you wake up. Some dreams can be so emotive that you wake up still feeling those emotions in a very powerful way. How you feel can go on to make an impact on your day. It can also alter the way you relate to the people who featured in your dream. This is all fine if it was a pleasant dream with positive emotions and you wake up feeling great. However, it is not so good if it was a bad dream that led you feeling unhappy or in distress.

Dreams can improve your mood

Research has shown that dreaming can improve how you were feeling when you went to bed. When going to bed in a bad mood, early dreams may not be good ones. However, as the night progressed, it seems the bad dreams got less frequent during the night. Upon awakening, it was found that peoples mood had actually improved. The research was conducted by Cartwright and colleagues (1998), published in the Journal of Psychiatry Research.

Other research investigating depressed patients, found those whose dreams got less negative throughout the night, had improved mood by morning. More encouragingly, their depression symptoms had decreased in 72% of cases a year later. Those who had more disturbing dreams just before they woke up ended up with a low mood upon awakening.

Mood affects dreams

Your mood and current mental state has also been shown to impact on your dreams. Research suggests that people who have suffered trauma, loss, are unwell or are suffering from stress or anxiety tend to have more nightmares. Such conditions can also affect the vividness of the dreams.

Happy dreams — happy mood

It is therefore apparent that mood can affect dreams which in turn can affect mood. Can anything be done about this? It is important that a person addresses any concerns going on in their life. Try to reduce stress, or speak to a counselor or a doctor.

There is one exercise I would suggest to anyone who is concerned about the dreams they are having. Seligman recommends it for children in his book Authentic Happiness, but I believe can benefit us all. Just before going to sleep, imagine a really positive picture. Conjure up the details and think about how it makes you feel. You could even give it a name. Then tell yourself that you intend to dream about it. Hopefully this will bring about happy dreams.

Copyright Julia Barnard 2007

Julia Barnard is a professional counselor living in Adelaide, Australia. She provides an online counselling service through her website http://www.makethechange.com.au. Julia also writes articles for the website aimed at enhancing well-being and promoting good mental health.

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Well first consider that aggressive responses are an innate characteristic of mankind and the human species, so before you jump on the politically correct bandwagon to make fairies and weaklings out of all Americans you might consider for a moment the many uses of such a response and why the human species has it in the first place.

You see the fight or flight response has served the species well and enabled for future generations and had you ancestors not had it, well you most certainly would not be amongst the living right now. Next consider in the present period the need for aggressive response in dealing with various potential eventualities.

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“Lance Winslow” - Online Think Tank forum board. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; http://www.WorldThinkTank.net/. Lance is a guest writer for Our Spokane Magazine in Spokane, Washington

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The issue of self-esteem is perhaps one of the greatest determinates in creating a life of freedom and abundance, or feeling inhibited and just getting by. Self-esteem is defined as a feeling of pride in oneself. It is how you feel in relation to yourself rather than how others see you. Its between you and, well you. Therefore, its not necessary to be so concerned about what others think to determine your level of self -esteem, as the definition does not include any others, just you. So where can you help yourself to better understand you? There are so many aspects of you but one that is of great importance is that of your mind.

In the ancient wisdom of Patanjalis Yoga Sutras, there are five hindrances or afflictions of the mind that are collectively known as the klesas. An understanding of each of these hindrances can help play a part in the discovery of self, leading to a feeling of well-being, connectivity, and greater self-esteem. The hindrances are as follows: ignorance (avidya), egoism (asmita), attachment (raga), aversion (dvesa), and clinging to life (abhinivesah). Encountering the afflictions without being aware of them creates stumbling blocks on the path to self-realization. The afflictions will arise at different times in life, but if one has spent time studying them, one may be able to recognize them for what they are and move through them with a certain level of personal understanding.

The first hindrance is ignorance of the true self which is the building block for all of the other afflictions. It can be described as an incorrect understanding of oneself that is the culmination of years of unconscious actions, thoughts, and words that one has become dependent upon as part of ones being. Sound familiar? How many times have we replayed old tapes over and over in our head until they become so embedded in our persona that we begin to self-realize these false beliefs? From ignorance, derives judgments of oneself and of others. By understanding the various afflictions and where they originate, one may transcend a lifetime absorbed in ignorance.

The second hindrance is egoism which is the identification of the self with what one is not- the body, mind, personality, emotions, senses, accomplishments, failures, and possessions, or lack thereof. You may be thinking, People with low self-esteem are certainly not showing an ego problem. Well, it actually is an ego problem, as the concern over what others think dominates many choices and actions in daily life. In egoism, the practice of remaining in the moment and being a non-judgmental witness comes in handy. In truly observing what is happening in life as it is, rather than placing violent judgments on self, others and situations, one may experience life with a limited ignorance. Imagine viewing the world through a camera lens and just seeing what is-nothing else.

The third hindrance is attachment which arises from the egos idea that more is better and of the fear of losing what one already has in his/her possession. Are you keeping up with the Jones? Do you really need to be? More stuff just means more upkeep; right? As one progresses on the life path, experiences occur that cause feelings of great pleasure. One may cling to these things in hopes of experiencing the feelings over and over again. Attachment is looking outside of oneself for validation and bliss. The reality is that external factors come and go; it is the internal true self that remains a constant. Happiness is found within, is a timeless phrase and it is unconditional and independent of any outside circumstances or people. Freeing, isnt it?

The fourth hindrance is aversion which is also a form of attachment, but in the negative sense. The experiences or circumstances that one does not want to have, or is repulsed by, comprise aversions. Aversions are typically based on fear of the unknown, unfamiliar, or years of subconscious mechanical thought. Fear plays a big role in issues of low self-esteem. Attachments and aversions are both relative in that what is a good/bad experience or feeling for one may not be so good/bad for another. Any attachment or aversion springs from the imagination and can be construed as clinging, and therefore, in turn, suffering. By practicing detachment to either aversions or attachments, one can see a situation for what it is rather than what it is perceived to be.

Clinging to life or the fear of death is the final hindrance. It is self-preservation and the fundamental will to live in ones body on this Earth. This affliction is said to be experienced even by the very wise. It is ultimately the understanding of this affliction that will set us free. Each individual would come to terms with this hindrance by their own accord in relation to their own belief system regarding death and what happens when we leave our physical body. It is my sense that we are eternal in spirit.

The klesas are complex and interwoven. By increasing the understanding of each affliction, one may begin to identify them when they surface in life. In knowing where the reaction, situation, or behavior is derived, the individual may be better able to experience the true sense of the moment in awareness and without judgment. By remaining open, one is able to receive the perfection in every moment.

It is a daily process to connect with oneself in understanding, but one that can create a life that is, for the most part, joyous, peaceful, and full of love. With practice the sense of self-esteem will continuously improve and the feelings of a life connectedness will deepen. Try it for yourself as this all begins and ends with you. For, its what you think that really matters.

The mind is everything; what you think, you become. (Buddha)

Deborah L. Shipley, RYT
Deborah is a Registered Yoga Teacher and a writer of the free monthly e-zine - Self Esteem: Shining from Within.

If you would like to contact her please visit
her website: http://www.quizforselfesteem.com, her blog hosted e-zine site: http://www.quizforselfesteem.blogspot.com, or e-mail her at dlshipley@comcast.net.

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